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湟胱�1，2）。第二段讲埃及古代在科学探索中运用了演绎推理法，而现在应用了归纳法。这种解释太狭隘，经仔细审核，难以很清晰地点明古代和现代科学教义和探究上明显的差别。因为一切知识都基于观察，通过分析，综合，或综合分析，归纳演绎推理，有可能的话，经过校正或经由演绎指导下再观察而向前推进。第三段进一步阐明不用这些方法观察，实验；忽略相关事实，推理不慎；不能答出理论的结论，再用实验或观察来检验等或用得不全，不论在古代还是现代都会失败。但这不能说明为什么现代科学具有较高的功效，通过什么方式方法，超越了前人，更不用说说明最近科学突飞猛进的原因。第四，五段涉及事实和理论的关系。
A。 数学的哲学，文内没有提。 B。 近来科学的发展。 C。 事实的验证，只是最后两段提及验证方法之作用。
2。 B。 是上天的安排，这是作家在用方法论等失败后得出的结论。见难句译注4，第一段最后一句话。
A。 两个阶段的相似性。 。 两者都试图应用归纳法。 D。 由于演绎法的衰落。
3。 A。 后者需要证实。答案在第四，五段，死段试图在事实的对立面和理论，或事实和思想中发现上述现象的解释看起来有饿太狭隘，也会因模糊不清遭批评。因为，对立面不全面，事实和理论不是同类的事物。理论，如果是真正的理论，就是事实——一种特殊类别的事实，一般复杂，但仍是事实。而事实，从词的狭义来说，如果很复杂，如果各成分中存在着逻辑的联系，就具有理论的一切主要特征。第五段第二句，事实是一个提议，通过运用知识的源泉和经验而证实的提议直接而又简单。而理论，若是真理论，就有事实的一切特性（除非其证实只能通过非直接的，遥远的和困难的方式方法），把理论转成事实必须用简单的核实，理论因此具有事实的一切特性。
B。 前者简单。 C。 是现代科学家和古希腊的差异。 D。 帮助我们了解演绎法，三项都不对。
4。 C。 是推理演绎科学，这个问题常识就能回答。
A。 归纳法科学。 B。 需要简单证实。 D。 基于事实和理论。
5。 B。 是一个悖论，见第四，五段注释。
A。 比喻。 C。 对归纳法和演绎法的赞扬。 D。 双关语。
Passage Four （It Is Bush）
On the 36th day after they had voted； Americans finally learned Wednesday who would be their next president： Governor George W。 Bush of Texas。
Vice President Al Gore； his last realistic avenue for legal challenge closed by a U。 S。 Supreme Court decision late Tuesday； planned to end the contest formally in a televised evening speech of perhaps 10 minutes； advisers said。
They said that Senator Joseph Lieberman； his vice presidential running mate； would first make brief ments。 The men would speak from a ceremonial chamber of the Old Executive office Building； to the west of the White House。
The dozens of political workers and lawyers who had helped lead Mr。 Gore’s unprecedented fight to claw a e…from…behind electoral victory in the pivotal state of Florida were thanked Wednesday and asked to stand down。
“The vice president has directed the recount mittee to suspend activities；” William Daley； the Gore campaign chairman； said in a written statement。
Mr。 Gore authorized that statement after meeting with his wife； Tipper； and with top advisers including Mr。 Daley。
He was expected to telephone Mr。 Bush during the day。 The Bush campaign kept a low profile and moved gingerly； as if to leave space for Mr。 Gore to contemplate his next steps。
Yet； at the end of a trying and tumultuous process that had focused world attention on sleepless vote counters across Florida； and on courtrooms form Miami to Tallahassee to Atlanta to Washington the Texas governor was set to bee the 43d U。 S。 president。
The news of Mr。 Gore’s plans followed the longest and most rancorous dispute over a U。 S。 presidential election in more than a century； one certain to leave scars in a badly divided country。
It was a bitter ending for Mr。 Gore； who had outpolled Mr。 Bush nationwide by some 300000 votes； but； without Florida； fell short in the Electoral College by 271votes to 267—the narrowest Electoral College victory since the turbulent election of 1876。
Mr。 Gore was said to be distressed by what he and many Democratic activists felt was a partisan decision from the nation’s highest court。
The 5…to –4 decision of the Supreme Court held； in essence； that while a vote recount in Florida could be conducted in legal and constitutional fashion； as Mr。 Gore had sought； this could not be done by the Dec。 12 deadline for states to select their presidential electors。
James Baker 3rd； the former secretary of state who represented Mr。 Bush in the Florida dispute； issued a short statement after the U。 S。 high court ruling； saying that the governor was “very pleased and gratified。”
Mr。 Bush was planning a nationwide speech aimed at trying to begin to heal the country’s deep； aching and varied divisions。 He then was expected to meet with congressional leaders； including Democrats。 Dick Cheney； Mr。 Bush’s ruing mate； was meeting with congressmen Wednesday in Washington。
When Mr。 Bush； who is 54； is sworn into office on Jan。20； he will be only the second son of a president to follow his father to the White House； after John Adams and John Quincy Adams in the early 19th century。
Mr。 Gore； in his speech； was expected to thank his supporters； defend his hive…week battle as an effort to ensure； as a matter of principle； that every vote be counted； and call for the nation to join behind the new president。 He was described by an aide as “resolved and resigned。”
While some constitutional experts had said they believed states could present electors as late as Dec。 18； the U。 S。 high court made clear that it saw no such leeway。
The U。S。 high court sent back “for revision” to the Florida court its order allowing recounts but made clear that for all practical purposes the election was over。
In its unsigned main opinion； the court declared； “The recount process； in its features here described； is inconsistent with the minimum procedures necessary to protect the fundamental right of each voter。”
That decision； by a court fractured along philosophical lines； left one liberal justice charging that the high court’s proceedings bore a political taint。
Justice John Paul Stevens wrote in an angry dissent：” Although we may never know with plete certainty the identity of the winner of this year’s presidential election； the identity of the loser is perfectly clear。 It is the nation’s confidence in the judge as an impartial guardian of the law。”
But at the end of five seemingly endless weeks； during which the physical； legal and constitutional machines of the U。 S。 election were pressed and sorely tested in ways unseen in more than a century； the system finally produced a result； and one most Americans appeared to be willing at lease provisionally to support。
The Bush team weled the news with an outward show of restraint and aplomb。 The governor’s hopes had risen and fallen so many times since Election night； and the legal warriors of each side suffered through so many dramatic reversals； that there was little energy left for celebration。
1。 The main idea of this passage is
＇A＇。 Bush’s victory in presidential election bore a political taint。
＇B＇。 The process of the American presidential election。
＇C＇。 The Supreme Court plays a very important part in the presidential election。
＇D＇。 Gore is distressed。
2。 What does the sentence “as if to leave space for Mr。 Gore to contemplate his next step” mean
＇A＇。 Bush hopes Gore to join his administration。
＇B＇。 Bush hopes Gore to concede defeat and to support him。
＇C＇。 Bush hopes Gore to congraduate him。
＇D＇。 Bush hopes Gore go on fighting with him。
3。 Why couldn’t Mr。 Gore win the presidential election after he outpolled Mr。 Bush in the popular vote？ Because
＇A＇。 the American president is decided by the supreme court’s decision。
＇B＇。 people can’t directly elect their president。
＇C＇。 the American president is elected by a slate of presidential electors。
＇D＇。 the people of each state support Mr。 Bush。
4。 What was the result of the 5—4 decision of the supreme court？
＇A＇。 It was in fact for the vote recount。
＇B＇。 It had nothing to do with the presidential election。
＇C＇。 It decided the fate of the winner。
＇D＇。 It was in essence against the vote recount。
5。 What did the “turbulent election of 1876” imply？
＇A＇。 The process of presidential election of 2000 was the same as that。
＇B＇。 There were great similarities between the two presidential elections （2000 and 1876）。
＇C＇。 It was pared to presidential election of 2000。
＇D＇。 It